6.Introduction to Proxy Servers

    1.Introduction to Proxy Servers

Some home networks, corporate intranets, and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) use proxy servers (also known as proxies). Proxy servers act as a "middleman" or broker between the two ends of a client/server network connection by intercepting all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server. Proxy servers work well between Web browsers and servers, or other applications, by supporting underlying network protocols like HTTP.Proxy servers have two main purposes. One thing it can do is that it can dramatically improve performance for groups of users. This is because it saves the results of all requests for a certain amount of time. Consider the case where both user X and user Y access the World Wide Web through a proxy server. First user X requests a certain Web page, which will be called Page 1. Sometime later, user Y requests the same page. Instead of forwarding the request to the Web server where Page 1 resides, which can be a time-consuming operation, the proxy server simply returns the Page 1 that it already fetched for user X. Since the proxy server is often on the same network as the user, this is a much faster operation. Real proxy servers support hundreds or thousands of users. The major online services such as America Online, MSN and Yahoo, for example, employ an array of proxy servers.Another feature of proxy servers is that it can filter requests. For example, a company might use a proxy server to prevent its employees from accessing a specific set of Web sites.Proxies can do many other things. For example, they could translate multiple languages. They could shrink the size of a response so it fits on ones mobile phone webscreen. They could also filter nasty language or subjects.

 

Proxy Servers, Firewalling and Filtering

Proxy servers work at the Application layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model. As such, they aren't as popular as ordinary firewalls that work at lower layers and support application-independent filtering. Proxy servers are also more difficult to install and maintain than firewalls, as proxy functionality for each application protocol like HTTP, SMTP, or SOCKS must be configured individually. But, a properly configured proxy server improves network security and performance. Proxies have capability that ordinary firewalls simply cannot provide.Some network administrators deploy both firewalls and proxy servers to work in together. To do this, they install both firewall and proxy server software on a server gateway.Because they function at the OSI Application layer, the filtering capability of proxy servers is relatively intelligent compared to that of ordinary routers. For example, proxy Web servers can check the URL of outgoing requests for Web pages by inspecting HTTP GET and POST messages. Using this feature, network administrators can bar access to illegal domains but allow access to other sites. Ordinary firewalls, in contrast, cannot see Web domain names inside those messages. Likewise for incoming data traffic, ordinary routers can filter by port number or network address, but proxy servers can also filter based on application content inside the messages.

Connection Sharing with Proxy Servers

Various software products for connection sharing on small home networks have appeared in recent years. In medium- and large-sized networks, however, actual proxy servers offer a more scalable and cost-effective alternative for shared Internet access. Rather than give each client computer a direct Internet connection, all internal connections can be funneled through one or more proxies that in turn connect to the outside.

Proxy Servers and Caching

The caching of Web pages by proxy servers can improve a network's "quality of service" in three ways. First, caching may conserve bandwidth on the network, increasing scalability. Next, caching can improve response time experienced by clients. With an HTTP proxy cache, for example, Web pages can load more quickly into the browser. Finally, proxy server caches increase availability. Web pages or other files in the cache remain accessible even if the original source or an intermediate network link goes offline.

Types of Proxy servers

Web 

Proxies that attempt to block offensive web content are implemented as web proxies. Other web proxies reformat web pages for a specific purpose or audience; for example, Skweezer reformats web pages for cell phones and PDAs. Network operators can also deploy proxies to intercept computer viruses and other hostile content served from remote web pages.A special case of web proxies are "CGI proxies." These are web sites that allow a user to access a site through them. They generally use PHP or CGI to implement the proxying functionality. CGI proxies are frequently used to gain access to web sites blocked by corporate or school proxies. Since they also hide the user's own IP address from the web sites they access through the proxy, they are sometimes also used to gain a degree of anonymity, called "Proxy Avoidance."

Intercepting

Many organizations — including corporations, schools, and families — use a proxy server to enforce acceptable network use policies (see content-control software) or to provide security, anti-malware and/or caching services. A traditional web proxy is not transparent to the client application, which must be configured to use the proxy (manually or with a configuration script). In some cases, where alternative means of connection to the Internet are available (e.g. a SOCKS server or NAT connection), the user may be able to avoid policy control by simply resetting the client configuration and bypassing the proxy. Furthermore administration of browser configuration can be a burden for network administrators. 

An intercepting proxy, often incorrectly called transparent proxy (also known as a forced proxy) combines a proxy server with NAT. Connections made by client browsers through the NAT are intercepted and redirected to the proxy without client-side configuration (or often knowledge).Intercepting proxies are commonly used in businesses to prevent avoidance of acceptable use policy, and to ease administrative burden, since no client browser configuration is required.Intercepting proxies are also commonly used by Internet Service Providers in many countries in order to reduce upstream link bandwidth requirements by providing a shared cache to their customers.It is often possible to detect the use of an intercepting proxy server by comparing the external IP address to the address seen by an external web server, or by examining the HTTP headers on the server side.Some poorly implemented intercepting proxies have historically had certain downsides, e.g. an inability to use user authentication if the proxy does not recognize that the browser was not intending to talk to a proxy. Some problems are described in RFC 3143 (Known HTTP Proxy/Caching Problems). A well-implemented proxy should not inhibit browser authentication at all.The term transparent proxy, often incorrectly used instead of intercepting proxy to describe the same behavior, is defined in RFC 2616 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1) as: "[A] proxy that does not modify the request or response beyond what is required for proxy authentication and identification."

Open

An open proxy is a proxy server which will accept clientconnections from any IP address and make connections to any Internet resource. Abuse of open proxies is currently implicated in a significant portion of e-mail spam delivery. Spammers frequently install open proxies on unwitting end users' operating systems by means of computer viruses designed for this purpose. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) abusers also frequently use open proxies to cloak their identities.Because proxies might be used for abuse, system administrators have developed a number of ways to refuse service to open proxies. IRC networks such as the Blitzed network automatically test client systems for known types of open proxy. Likewise, an email server may be configured to automatically test e-mail senders for open proxies, using software such as Michael Tokarev's “proxycheck.” Groups of IRC and electronic mail operators run DNSBLs publishing lists of the IP addresses of known open proxies, such as AHBL, CBL, NJABL, and SORBS.The ethics of automatically testing clients for open proxies are controversial. Some experts, such as Vernon Schryver, consider such testing to be equivalent to an attacker portscanning the client host. Others consider the client to have solicited the scan by connecting to a server whose terms of service include testing.

Reverse

A reverse proxy is a proxy server that is installed in the neighborhood of one or more web servers. All traffic coming from the Internet and with a destination of one of the web servers goes through the proxy server. There are several reasons for installing reverse proxy servers: 

·   Security: the proxy server is

·   An additional layer of defense and therefore protects the web servers further up the chain. 

·   Encryption / SSL acceleration: when secure web sites are created, the SSL encryption is often not done by the web server itself, but by a reverse proxy that is equipped with SSL acceleration hardware. See Secure Sockets Layer. 

·   Load balancing: the reverse proxy can distribute the load to several web servers, each web server serving its own application area. In such a case, the reverse proxy may need to rewrite the URLs in each web page (translation from externally known URLs to the internal locations) 

·   Serve/cache static content: A reverse proxy can offload the web servers by caching static content like pictures and other static graphical content 

·   Compression: the proxy server can optimize and compress the content to speed up the load time. 

·   Spoon feeding: reduces resource usage caused by slow clients on the web servers by caching the content the web server sent and slowly "spoon feeds" it to the client. This especially benefits dynamically generated pages.

·   Extranet Publishing: a reverse proxy server facing the Internet can be used to communicate to a firewalled server internal to an organization, providing extranet access to some functions while keeping the servers behind the firewalls. 

Split

A split proxy is effectively a pair of proxies installed across two computers. Since they are effectively two parts of the same program, they can communicate with each other in a more efficient way than they can communicate with a more standard resource or tool such as a website or browser. This is ideal for compressing data over a slow link, such as a wireless or mobile data service and also for reducing the issues regarding high latency links (such as satellite internet) where establishing a TCP connection is

time consuming. Taking the example of web browsing, the user's browser is pointed to a local proxy which then communicates with its other half at some remote location. This remote server fetches the requisite data, repackages it and sends it back to the user's local proxy, which unpacks the data and presents it to the browser in the standard fashion.

Anonymous Proxy Servers 

Anonymous proxy servers hide ones IP address and thereby prevent unauthorized access to that computer through the Internet. They do not provide anyone with that IP address and effectively hide all information about the user at hand. Besides that, they don’t even let anyone know that you are surfing through a proxy server. Anonymous proxy servers can be used for all kinds of Web-services, such as Web-Mail (MSN Hot Mail, Yahoo mail), web-chat rooms, FTP archives, etc. ProxySite.com - a place where the huge list of public proxies is compiled. In a database you always can find the most modern lists, the Proxy is checked every minute, and the list is updated daily from various sources. The system uses the latest algorithm for set and sortings of servers by proxy, servers for anonymous access are checked. Results of Search always can be kept in file Excel.

Circumventor

     A circumventor is a web-based page that takes a site that is blocked and "circumvents" it through to an unblocked website, allowing the user to view blocked pages. A famous example is 'elgooG', which allowed users in China to use Google after it had been blocked there. elgooG differs from most circumventors in that it circumvents only one block.The most common use is in schools where many blocking programs block by site rather than by code; students are able to access blocked sites (games, chatrooms, messenger, weapons, racism, forbidden knowledge, etc.) through a circumventor. As fast as the filtering software blocks circumventors, others spring up. It should be noted, however, that in some cases the filter may still intercept traffic to the circumventor, thus the person who manages the filter can still see the sites that are being visited.Circumventors are also used by people who have been blocked from a website. Another use of a circumventor is to allow access to country-specific services, so that Internet users from other countries may also make use of them. An example is country-restricted reproduction of media and webcasting.The use of circumventors is usually safe with the exception that circumventor sites run by an untrusted third party can be run with hidden intentions, such as collecting personal information, and as a result users are typically advised against running personal data such as credit card numbers or passwords through a circumventor.

At Schools and in Offices

Many work places and schools are cracking down on the websites and online services that are made available in their buildings. Websites like Myspace, Yahoo Games, and other social websites have become targets of mass banning.Proxy Web server creators have become more clever allowing users to encrypt links, and any data going to and from other web servers. This allows users to access websites that would otherwise have been blocked. 

Case Study: Lander College for Men

A few years ago, a Touro College campus was built with the vision that one can combine Judaic and secular studies on a college level, called the Lander College for Men. Early on, the policy towards watching movies was that as long as it didn’t interfere with ones studies, one could do so in ones free time. But, the network back then was so primitive that there was no filter set up. Either this was because it was complex to set up, or that it was assumed that Yeshiva guys wouldn’t dare take advantage of this weakness (dumb mistake, but with Touro, anything’s possible), or both. In any case, it’s known that Touro has many campuses worldwide, known as Touro University International. Suffice to say, students in the dorm used programs like Kazaa and Bearshare to relentlessly download video games, movies, and music files through Touro’s T1 connection. They also shared movies through an outside server which ten or twenty people would chip in a total of five hundred dollars for. Soon it was discovered why students from other campuses were complaining about Touro’s computer network being so slow. A data analysis had revealed that 68% of Touro University’s bandwidth was being used up by the Lander College for Men campus alone. Some estimates actually were well over 80%. This may be broken down to, say, 42% consumed from actual student usage, and the rest being used up from one of Landers’ routers which reportedly had a virus in it from a student download. Keep in mind that this was with less than seventy five students on campus, a quarter of which actually had personal computers in their dorm.

Once this was discovered, Touro’s MIS department sprang into action, hiring 8e6 technologies to clean up the mess with their filtering program to affect various key ports. Rabbinical faculty thereupon forbade students to watch movies or play video games in the dormitory, since incidentally students stopped attending “Night Seder,” a mandatory evening program where one independently studied Judaic topics. The result of this madness was that many legitimate students couldn’t get into various websites like Google, for example, to do academic research. This created uproar among the students. Some of the more knowledgeable decided to rebel and test out ports through a program, 

and once an open port was detected, they used a proxy server to reroute all HTTP and FTP, and P2P requests to that port, overflowing bandwidth on those ports. Whether a CGI, intercepting, or circumventor proxy, or any combination was used is anybody’sguess. Nobody thought they would be caught since Touro’s routers take in thousands of requests a day. Still, it was stupid to try, since enough requests through a specific port will turn some heads. Once that happened, all that MIS had to do was locate the MAC address of the computer’s Network Card, locate the router, and thereby locate the room the computer was in. Being that there are typically two students in a room, those two got narrowed, and more invasive procedures were able to be taken. One student in particular who exploited this technology was expelled and readmitted twice, suspended once, kicked out of the dorms, and other “nice things.” Suffice to say, he didn’t end up graduating since he was so obsessed with downloading stuff that his grades suffered tremendously.

References

Mitchell, Bradley. “Proxy Servers Tutorial - About Proxy Servers.” About.com: Wireless/Networking. 2007. <http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/proxyservers/a/proxyservers.htm>

“Proxy Servers.” Wikipedia. 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_servers>

“Proxy Server.” Webopedia. 2007. <http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/p/proxy_server.html>

“Public Proxy Servers.”< http://www.publicproxyservers.com/index.html>